What is Gastric Cancer?
Gastric cancer, commonly known as stomach cancer, is a malignant tumor that originates in the stomach lining. It develops due to abnormal cell growth and can spread to other parts of the body if not diagnosed early.
Types of Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer is classified into different types based on its origin and pathology:
- Adenocarcinoma – The most common type, accounting for nearly 90% of cases.
- Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs) – Rare tumors arising from the stomach’s connective tissues.
- Lymphoma of the Stomach – A cancer that originates from the immune system’s lymphatic cells.
- Carcinoid Tumors – Tumors developing in the hormone-producing cells of the stomach.
- Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma – A highly aggressive subtype of adenocarcinoma.
Risk Factors for Gastric Cancer
Several factors increase the risk of developing gastric cancer, including:
- H. pylori infection – Chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria is a leading cause.
- Dietary habits – Consumption of smoked, pickled, and high-salt foods increases risk.
- Genetics – A family history of stomach cancer raises susceptibility.
- Smoking & Alcohol – Long-term use damages the stomach lining.
- Obesity – Excess weight contributes to inflammation and cellular changes.
- Previous stomach surgery – Certain surgeries or chronic gastritis may increase risk.
Symptoms of Gastric Cancer
Many patients search for gastric cancer symptoms online when they experience discomfort. Common symptoms include:
- Persistent indigestion and heartburn
- Unexplained weight loss
- Loss of appetite
- Stomach pain or discomfort
- Nausea or vomiting (sometimes with blood)
- Fatigue and weakness
- Feeling full even after eating a small amount
Early Symptoms of Gastric Cancer
In early-stage gastric cancer, symptoms might be mild, such as bloating, belching, and slight nausea. Many people ignore these signs, leading to delayed diagnosis.
How is Gastric Cancer Detected?
Screening for Gastric Cancer
Regular screening is crucial, especially for high-risk individuals. Screening methods include:
- Upper Endoscopy (EGD) – A flexible tube with a camera examines the stomach lining.
- H. pylori Testing – Identifies bacterial infection associated with gastric cancer.
- Blood Tests – Detects anemia or tumor markers.
Diagnosis of Gastric Cancer
If symptoms indicate possible cancer, doctors perform further tests:
- Biopsy – A tissue sample is taken during endoscopy to confirm cancer.
- CT Scan/MRI – Imaging tests help detect tumor spread.
- PET Scan – Determines if cancer has metastasized.
- Staging (TNM Staging System) – Evaluates tumor size and spread.
Prevention of Gastric Cancer
While not all cases can be prevented, reducing risk factors can lower chances of gastric cancer:
- Healthy diet – Eating fresh fruits, vegetables, and fiber-rich foods.
- Avoiding smoking and alcohol.
- Regular check-ups if there is a family history of stomach cancer.
- Treating H. pylori infection early.
- Maintaining a healthy weight.
Gastric Cancer Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the stage of gastric cancer:
Surgery
- Gastrectomy – Partial or total removal of the stomach.
- Endoscopic Mucosal Resection – Removes early-stage tumors without open surgery.
Chemotherapy for Gastric Cancer
- Used before (neoadjuvant) or after (adjuvant) surgery to shrink or eliminate cancer cells.
- Can be combined with targeted therapies for advanced stages.
Radiation Therapy
- Kills cancer cells or shrinks tumors before surgery.
Immunotherapy for Gastric Cancer
- Boosts the immune system to fight cancer cells.
Targeted Therapy
- Trastuzumab (Herceptin) for HER2-positive gastric cancer.
- Ramucirumab for advanced cases.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What are the early symptoms of gastric cancer?
Many patients wonder, “What are the early symptoms of gastric cancer?”. The most common signs include persistent indigestion, bloating, and mild stomach pain.
Is gastric cancer curable?
Yes, gastric cancer is curable if detected early. Surgery combined with chemotherapy and targeted therapy offers high survival rates.
What are the survival rates for gastric cancer?
Survival rates depend on the stage at diagnosis. Early-stage gastric cancer has a 5-year survival rate of over 90%, while advanced-stage survival rates are lower.
How is gastric cancer staged?
Gastric cancer staging (TNM staging) is based on tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis. Early gastric cancer is localized, whereas stage 4 gastric cancer has spread to other organs.
What is the most common site of gastric cancer?
The most common site of gastric cancer is the lower part of the stomach (antrum) and the gastroesophageal junction.
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